Phosphine and amine functionalized mesoporous silica materials were metallated with Rh(CO){esc}b2{esc}s(i-Pr{esc}b2{esc}sNH)Cl or Rh{esc}b2{esc}s(CO){esc}b4{esc}sCl{esc}b2{esc}s, respectively to yield catalysts containing the Rh(PPh{esc}b2{esc}sR){esc}b2{esc}s(CO)Cl or Rh(CO){esc}b2{esc}s(NH{esc}b2{esc}sR)Cl, where R is a propyl chain bonded to the silica surface, reactive centers. In order to ascertain the effect of pore size on rates of hydroformylation catalysis both 35 {ring}A and 45 {ring}A pore size materials were used. Using the hydroformylation of octene as a reference reaction, the phosphine based, 45 {ring}A catalysts were 1.5 to 1.3 times faster than the amine based, 45 {ring}A catalysts, and the 45 {ring}A materials were 2.6 to 2.1 times faster than the 35 {ring}A materials.;The ability of the surface bound phosphine catalysts to affect hydroformylation was strongly influenced by the steric constraints of the substrate. Terminal alkenes were readily hydroformylated and norbornene was slowly hydroformylated, but pinene, trans -cyclododecene, cyclohexene and cholesterol were completely unaffected.;Hollow porous microspheres can be created for use as electrolyte storage within the active material of the battery electrode. Synthesis of porous hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) has been accomplished by pyrolyzing a mixture of cobalt, titanium, and colloidal silica. The porous HGMs are generated by spray flame pyrolysis of a solution of cobalt, titanium, and silica into a 7000 tube furnace. A phase separation condenses the cobalt to the center of the sphere where it can be etched as well as titanium. Other etching techniques include using HF to etch commercial hollow glass microspheres, and sodium diffusion.
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